Mostly Microbes and Infection - by David Ojcius

  ABSTRACT Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is naturally contained within the mitochondria and nucleus of cells. DNA localized outside of these areas is generally considered to constitute damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) that trigger innate immune responses. The variety of these immune-stimulatory nucleic acids, coupled with the variety of proteins known to interact with DNA DAMPS and to act as sensors or regulators, is an important layer of regulation that defines the nature and breadth of inflammatory responses within a given cell or tissue. In this review, we describe the various DNA substrates that co-exist in cells, how they are sensed, and what regulates their cytoplasmic availability and recognition. We subsequently discuss how this complexity may dictate tissue-specific immune response and suggest that a more integrated view of the interconnection between pathways is necessary in order to define molecular targets for treatment intervention in inflammatory pathologies....

  Highlights • Climate change and environmental stressors are major drivers affecting global food security and agricultural sustainability. • Microbial communities play a central role in nutrient cycling, plant health, and ecosystem resilience. • Climate variability alters microbial diversity, functions, and plant–microbe interactions. • Beneficial microorganisms enhance crop tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. • Microbiome-based strategies offer sustainable alternatives to chemical inputs in agriculture. • Advances in microbial genomics enable the exploration and application of microbial diversity. • Biological control agents represent eco-friendly solutions for plant disease management. • Integrating microbial taxonomy, ecology, and biotechnology is key to climate-resilient food systems.

  Highlights • H1/H3 cross-reactive head antibodies were isolated after seasonal flu vaccination • These cross-subtype antibodies target a conserved HA epitope involving residue 145 • Antibodies targeting this epitope were enriched in people born in the 1990s • H1N1s recently acquired a substitution that abrogated binding of these antibodies

  Highlight • This review examines the evolutionary origin, regulation, and functional diversification of IFN stimulated genes in vertebrates. Evolutionary pathways of IGS, with gene gain and loss, and their connection with redundancy and robustness are discussed.

  Highlights • VMT restores skin  N -bc2S1P linked to early neurodevelopment in cesarean-born neonates • N -bc2S1P engages β-arrestin1-biased S1PR2 signaling in forebrain excitatory neurons • β-arrestin1-biased S1PR2 signaling recruits AP-1/CBP to increase Notch H3K27ac • Engineered  S. epidermidis  sustains  N -bc2S1P and extends rescue of CS-associated deficits

  Highlights • A probiotic-integrated semi-closed RAS protocol significantly improved growth (+0.08%/day) and survival (+6.9%) in Cynoglossus semilaevis. • Probiotic treatment reshaped the gut microbiota from Vibrio dominance to a Photobacterium-enriched community and altered quorum sensing pathways. • Metagenomics revealed enhanced CAZyme activity and nutrient metabolism potential in the probiotic group. • Multi-tissue transcriptomics demonstrated coordinated immune activation (NF-κB, IgA network) and JAK–STAT-mediated metabolic reprogramming. • Functional validation of ccl19 confirmed enhanced resistance against Vibrio harveyi, supporting an immune–metabolic crosstalk model.